First Geodetic Survey Station National Historic Site of Canada
Kingsmere, Quebec
Historic image
© Natural Resources Canada \ Ressources naturelles Canada, n.d.
Address :
Mont King, Kingsmere, Quebec
Recognition Statute:
Historic Sites and Monuments Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. H-4)
Designation Date:
1929-05-17
Dates:
-
1905 to 1905
(Construction)
Event, Person, Organization:
-
William Frederick King
(Person)
-
Association of Dominion Land Surveyors
(Organization)
Other Name(s):
-
First Geodetic Survey Station
(Designation Name)
Research Report Number:
2008-SDC-CED-008
Plaque(s)
Approved Inscription:
By the accurate determination of points on the earth’s surface, a geodetic survey establishes a positional reference system for surveys, mapping, and all geographic information. Although geodetic survey work was carried out sporadically in Canada during the late 19th century, a systematic programme was not begun until July 1905 when C.A. Bigger directed the erection of the first triangulation station here on top of King Mountain. In April 1909, the Geodetic Survey of Canada was created by Order in Council and the Chief Astronomer, W. F. King, was appointed superintendent.
Description of Historic Place
First Geodetic Survey Station National Historic Site of Canada is located on the south slope of King Mountain in Gatineau Park, Quebec. It was the first geodetic station established in Canada and consisted of a point, referred to as an “eccentric station,” represented by a copper survey bolt, bearing lettering on its top surface, driven into the ground and secured with cement. The site is 2.3 square metres in area, approximately the same size as the former tower. The official survey refers to the present location of the copper bolt.
Heritage Value
First Geodetic Survey Station was designated a national historic site of Canada in 1929. It is recognized because: it was here that commenced the triangulation system of the Geodetic Survey of Canada, the basis of surveys for all purposes, topographical, engineering, and cadastral.
Geodesy is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the dimensions and shape of the Earth. When a network of geodetic points is established by “triangulation,” it is possible to define the geometric structure of the Earth by measuring triangular elements. These geodetic points are copper bolts, often located on mountaintops to ensure intervisibility over distances of up to several tens of kilometres.
In 1888, the Association of Dominion Land Surveyors increased activities aimed at setting up a geodetic service in Canada. After years of research by Director William Frederick King and others, the first geodetic surveys were carried out in Canada, beginning in June 1905 at Kingsmere, in the National Capital Region. The first geodetic point (or geodetic station), named King MTN, was installed approximately 14 kilometres from Ottawa. The point was selected because it is the most visible from the federal observatory at the Central Experimental Farm. This geodetic point would not be long used because its visibility is unsatisfactory. A second point, called an “eccentric station” was selected in September 1909. This second point is located at an elevation 64 metres (211 feet) lower than the original station, and it became the point of reference. It is located at 45º 29' 20.56787" N, 75º 51' 45.26354" W.
Sources: Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, Minutes, 1930, June 2008.
Character-Defining Elements
Key elements contributing to the heritage value of this site include: its location on the south slope of King Mountain, in Gatineau Park, Quebec; the copper survey bolt, bearing lettering on its top surface, driven into the ground and secured with cement; the views from the bolt and the surrounding landscape of Gatineau Park.